Chapter 8: Old Stuff: Approximately 1450 to Around 1750 C.E.

I. Chapter Overview
II. Stay Focused on the Big Picture
III. Major European Developments 1450-1750 C.E.
A. Revolutions in European Thought and Expression
1. The Renaissance: Classical Civilization Part II Europe experienced and influx of money to go along with newfound sense of history. Humanism. Important people: The Medici family, Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello. Tommas Masaccio and Fillipo Brunelleschi developed technique known as linear perspective. Important people: the Dutch Van Eyck brothers and the German painter Albrecht Durer, portraitists. Most northern paintings religiously motivated. Important person: Johannes Gutenberg, invented printing press. Book industry flourished. Important people: Machiavelli, Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, and William Shakespeare.

2. The Protestant Reformation: Streamlining Salvation Nearly everyone in Europe thought: to get to heaven you had to proceed by way of Catholic Church. Church began to sell "indulgences"- piece of paper faithful could buy to reduce time in purgatory. Important person: Martin Luther, German monk, made known what church was doing was wrong. "Lutherans" were Luther's followers. Important person: John Calving, led powerful protestant group, "Calvinism". Important person: King Henry VIII, renounced Rome, declared himself head of religious affairs in England. Church of England (Anglican Church). Catholic reformation. Important person: Ignatius Loyola, "Jesuits". Council of Trent.

3. The Scientific revolution: Prove it or Lose it Important person: Nicolaus Copernicus, developed math theory that earth and other celestial bodies revolved around sun, earth rotated on axis. Important person: Galileo. Important people: Tycho Brahe (built an observatory, recorded his observations), Francis Bacon (inductive logic), Johannes Kepler (laws of planetary motion), Sir Isaac Newton. Many people became atheists or deists.

4. The Enlightenment: Out of the Darkness, Into the Light "Divine right of monarchs". James I of England, illegal act was ungodly act. Social contract. Important people: Thomas Hobbes (believed role of government under social contract should be to preserve peace and stability), John Locke (people had natural and unalienable rights, responsibility of government to secure and guarantee rights), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (all men equal, individual protected by community, but also free), Voltaire (religious toleration), Montesquieu (separation of powers). Enlightened monarchs.

B. European Exploration and Expansion: Empires of the Wind Search for new, efficient trade routes on the seas. Important people: Prince Henry the Navigator, Vasco de Gama, Christopher Columbus. Treaty of Tordesillas, established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal line. Expeditions. Important people: (explorers) Amerigo Vespucci, Ponce de Leon, Vasco de Balboa, Ferdinand Magellan, Giovanni da Verrazano, Sir Francis Drake, John Cabot, and Henry Hudson. Sternpost rudder, Lateen sails, astrolabe, magnetic compass, three-masted caravels. Important person: Hernan Cortes, landed on coast of Mexico, Aztecs. Important person: Montezuma, Aztec ruler. Spanish brought small pox to Aztecs. Greatly reduced populations. Important person: Francisco Pizarro, brought similar fate to Inca. Native Americans had little or no freedom. Encomienda system. Slaves from Africa. Some died/killed on ships to America. Forced to do hard work. Columbian Exchange. New foods, animals, resources. Sugar and silver. Age of Exploration. Joint-stock company. Muscovy Company, Dutch East India Company. Mercantilism. Europeans established trade with Asian empires. Portuguese went around Cape of Good Hope, set up trading post in Goa, gained control over Spice Islands.

IV. Developments in Specific Countries and Empires 1450-1750 C.E.
Major movements impacted different parts of Europe at different times.
A. The European Rivals
1. Spain and Portugal
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Built formidable naval fleet. Portuguese dominated coastal Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Spice Islands. Early player in transatlantic slave trade, controlled sea routes, and garrisoned trading posts. Lost control of them to Cutch and British who had faster ships and heavier guns. Charles v. Hapsburg. Created huge empire that stretched from Austria and Germany to Spain. 1519, elected Holy roman Emperor by German princes, meant he then held lands in pars of France, the Netherlands, Austria and Germany in addition to Spain, plus new colonies in the Americas. 1556 Charles decided to retire, Gave control to his brother, Ferdinand 1 over Austria and the Holy roman throne of Germany, to his son, PhilipII he conferred the throne of Spain and jurisdiction over Portugal. Spanish Inquisition. English defeated and devastated the once mighty Spanish Armada.

2. England
Elizabethan Age: Boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization in the New World. England under Elizabeth experienced a golden age. James I came to power in 1607 after the death of Elizabeth. Jamestown colony founded during reign of James I. Charles I son of James. Desperate for money from Parliament. Signed petition of right. After got money ignored petition, claimed divine right, ruled w/out calling parliament meeting for 11 years. Parliament known as Long Parliament. Denied Charles next request for money. Civil war broke out. Important person: Lover Cromwell rose to power, English Commonwealth. Much resentment toward Cromwell. When he died, Parliament invited Charles II, the exiled son of the now beheaded Charles I, to take the throne and restore a limited monarchy. Stuart Restoration agreed to the Habeas Corpus Act. Following CharlesII's death, his brother James II took over. He was unpopular, believed in divine right of Kings, Glorious Revolution, driven from power by Parliament, replaced by son-in-law and daughter, William and Mary, who promptly signed the English Bill of Rights.

3. France
1598, Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes, created environment of toleration. He was first Bourbon King. Bourbon's ruled France nearly two centuries, important person: Cardinal Richelieu, catholic, deaf advisor to the Bourbons, his successor was Cardinal Mazarin. Important person: Cardinal Richelieu, catholic, chief advisor to the Bourbons, his successor was Cardinal Mazarin. Important Person: Louis XIV became one of most legendary monarchs, patronized arts as long as they contributed to glorification of France and his culture, build lavish palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes, appoint4d jean Babtiste Colert to manage the royal funds. War of Spanish Succession. PhilipV able rule Spain, but Spain couldn't combine with France and France had to give up a bunch of its territory.

4. German areas (The Holy Roman Empire, sort of)
The Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Turks in the early sixteenth century. . The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) devastated the region and significantly weakened the role of the Holy roman emperors, which in the nineteenth century would finally lead to the rise of nation-states in the region. . By the eighteenth century, the northern German city-states, especially Prussia, were gaining momentum and power. Peace of Augsburg, intended to bring end to constant conflicts between Catholics and Protestants. 1618 Thirty Years' War started. Actual fighting stayed w/in German empire; many parts of Germany were left depopulated and devastated. Peace of Westphalia negotiated in 1648. Prussian, the German city -state centered in Berlin and also controlled parts of Poland, eventually rose to dominate German territories.

B. Russia Out of Isolation
Moscow called the "Third Bone". Important People: Ivan III of Moscow, 1480, refused to pay tribute to the Mongols, declared Russia free of Mongol rule, He and later his grandson Ivan IV, established absolute rule in Russian. Cossacks, peasant-soldiers that expanded Russian territories well into Siberia and southward to the Caspian Sea. Ivan the Terrible, "czar". Regularly executed anyone whom he perceived as a threat to his power, including his own son. Ivan IV died 1584. Time of Troubles. Important person: Michael Romanov, elected czar by feudal lords in 1613. Russian territory spread more. Important person: Peter the Great, built Russia's first navy, founded St. Petersburg on Baltic Sea, Women of nobility were forced to dress in western fashions, men forced to shave beards, most of hard labor building new city accomplished by serfs turned slaves. Important person: Catherine the Great, more enlightened policies of education and western culture were implemented, fiercely enforced repressive serfdom. Limited growth of merchant class, continued expansion.

C. Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
Ottomans came to dominate most of modern-day Turkey, invaded Constantinople. Renamed it Istanbul. Converted great cathedrals such as Hagia Sophia into mosques. Christians and Jews allowed to practice their religions. To conquer large territories, enslaved children of their Christian subjects. Turned them into fighting warriors. Ottoman Empire lasted until 1922. Chief rivals were Safavids. Important person: Babur, established Mughal Empire, dominated Indian subcontinent. Important person: Akbar, Babur's grandson, policy of religious toleration. Eliminated tax on Hindus, attempted to eliminate sati. Shah Jahan, Akbar's grandson, built Taj Mahal.

D. Africa
Empire of Songhai was Islamic state. Trade. Fell to Moroccans with muskets. Centralized kingdom of Kongo. Trade with Portuguese, Europeans. Kings of Kongo converted Roman Catholicism. King Alfonso I. Kingdom mostly destroyed. Queen Nzinga of Angola, fiercely resisted Portuguese. In end, couldn't win.

E. Isolated Asia
1. China Ming Dynasty built strong centralized government based on traditional Confucian principles, reinstated civil service examination, removed Mongol influence by reinvigorating Chinese culture. Built huge fleets. Zeng He, Chinese navigator, led fleets. Silver currency. Established trade relations with Spanish through Philippines. Peasant revolts. Qing warriors. Qing from Manchuria. Kangxi and Qianlong, Machu emperors that were Confucian scholars. Supported arts, expanded empire. 1724, Christianity banned. 1757, trade restricted to Canton.

2. Japan
Portuguese established trade with empire, introduced guns. Tokugawa Shogunate. AKA Edo period. Christians persecuted. National Seclusion Policy. Buddhism and Shinto. Unique art forms also prospered. Kabuki theatre and haiku form of poetry.

V. Technology and Innovations 1450-1750 C.E.
Europeans were powerful force. Gunpowder weapons, navigation and ship building technologies, printing press. Overseas trading empires, moved lots of plants and animals, enslaved and transported people across oceans. Wars. Conquests. New cultures, religions.

VI. Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
Elizabeth I of England. Isabella of Spain and Nor Johan of Mughal, India shared power with husbands. Status and freedoms of changed little from previous period. Non-European areas of world tended to regard older widowed women with respect and superstition. Also to be feared because couldn't necessarily be controlled. In Europe education was more widely available to all classes, though opportunities for girls lagged behind boys.

VII. Pulling It All Together
Europe was where energy was. Europeans had technology, political motivation, and financial structure. Japanese and Chinese wanted preserve own culture. Had power and motivation to keep Europeans out. In Africa, no centralized power so Europeans harder fend off. In Americas, civilizations quickly overwhelmed by European technology and disease. Middle East only important for trade not conquest. Sailing, mercantilism, and private investment changed global economy.