II. Stay Focused on the Big Picture
III. Industry and Imperialism
A. The Industrial Revolution
Farmers started rotating crops. Enclosure. New technologies. Urbanization. Domestic System. Important people: 1733, John Kay invented flying shuttle. 1764, John Hargreaves invented spinning jenny. 1793, Eli Whitney invented cotton gin. Steam engine- Thomas Newcomer and James Watt. Steamship- Robert Fulton. Steam powered locomotive- George Stephenson. More inventions over next 100 years-
- The Telegraph (1837)
- The Telephone (1876)
- The Light bulb (1879)
- The Internal Combustion Engine (1885)
- The Radio (1890s)
- The Airplane (1903)
X-rays. Charles Darwin. Interchangeable parts. Henry Ford's use of assembly line. 16-hour workdays not uncommon. Children as young as six worked at factories. Women worked long hours at factories. Industrialization created new social class. Private ownership. Adam Smith. free market system (capitalism). Laissez faire capitalism. Karl Marx, German economist and philosopher, disagreed. Marxism Foundation for socialism and communism. Luddites. Greater number of people began to believe government needed to act on behalf of workers as well as factory owners. Major split in thought. MAJOR NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FREE MARKET CAPITALISM EXIST IN FACTORIES AND CITIES. United States: Opinion: free market capitalism is good, but reform it to minimize the bad effects. Russia: Opinion: Free market capitalism is bad, so get rid of it and replace it with something else.
Most Europe mixed socialist, capitalist ideas. Factory Act of 1883. Labor unions formed. Public education more widely accessible. Social mobility. 1807, slave trade abolished. 1833, British outlawed Slavery, Three decades later, outlawed in U.S. 1920, U.S. and 1928 Britain, women's suffrage movement. Natural Resources. Many taken during Industrial Revolution. Most resources went to Europe. Most Europeans very ethnocentric, viewed other cultures as barbarian and uncivilized. two ideas contributed to mindset. First, social Darwinists applied Charles Darwin's biological theory of natural selection to sociology. "Survival of the fittest." British superior: second, many Europeans believed not only superior, but had moral obligation to dominate or teach others how to be more civilized, more like Europeans. Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden."
B. European Imperialism in India
British East India Company, Robert Clive, Raised army that ridded subcontinent of the French. Corporate troops. British set up administrative regions. Sepoys: Indians who worked for the Brits, mostly as soldiers. Rebellion. 1858, British parliament took control of India easy from the East India Company. Bahadur Shah II, last of Mughal rulers, sent into exile, 1877, Queen Victoria recognized as Empress of India, Urbanization increased dramatically. 1885, Indian National Congress.
C. European Imperialism in China
1773, British introduced opium to Chinese. by 1838, Manchu emperor released imperial edict forbidding further sale or use of opium. 1839-1842, Opium War. China forced by British to sign treaty of Nanjing. 1856-1900, second opium war. White Lotus Rebellions, Taiping Rebellion. Self-'Strengthening Movement, failed. 1876, Korea declared it's independence. Sino-French War, lost control of Vietnam. Sino-Japanese War. treaty of Shimonoseki, China forced hand over control to Taiwan, grant Japanese trading rights. Spheres of influence. United States, Open door Policy. "Boxers". wanted to drive Europeans and Japanese out of China. Adopted guerrilla warfare tactics. Failed. China forced to sign Boxer Protocol. 1901, foot binding abolished. 1903, Chinese Examination System eliminated. 1911, government toppled and imperial rule ended. Sun Yat-sen, republic established.
D. Japanese Imperialism
1853, Commodore Matthew Perry (U.S.) arrived in Japan on steamboat, something Japanese had never seen. Treaty of Kanagawa. Unlike Chinese, Japanese organized. Samurai revolted against shogun and restored Emperor Meiji to power. 1870's, Japan building railways! Steamships. 1876, Samurai warrior class as an institution abolished, universal military service among all males established. 1890's, Japanese Industrial and military power. 1895, defeated China in war for control of Korea and Taiwan. 1904, Russo-Japanese War, Japanese defeated Russia. World Power.
E. European Imperialism in Africa
Between 1807 and 1820, most European nations abolished slave trade, slavery not abolished until a few decades later. W/in 50 years, Africans subjugated again, this time in their homeland. Boers (South African Dutch) discovered diamonds and gold in Transvaal. British followed. Boer War (1899-1902). British won. Africans not allowed claims to gold, diamonds, forced to work in mines. South Africa became British colony. 1910, colony had constitution, became Union of South Africa, Native Africans had few rights. 1912, educated South Africans made African National Congress. Muhammad Ali defeated french and ottomans, gained control of Egypt in 1805. Cotton production. Suez Canal, connected Mediterranean Sea to Indian Ocean. British Italian became interested in north Africa. W/in 3 decades, almost entire continent of Africa colonized by Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium. By 1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent. Europeans added railroads, dams and roads. Stripped Africa of it resources, treated natives harshly Disruption of traditional tribal boundary lines. Traditional African culture started breaking apart.
VI. Political Developments in the Americas and Europe
A. Two revolutions: American and French
1. The American revolution
French and Indian War. Britain's George Greville and Charles Townsend passed very unpopular laws on behalf of British. Revenue act, Stamp Act, Tea Act. American colonists-"No taxation without representation". Boston Tea Party. Lexington and Concord. Thomas Paine urged colonists support movement for independence. French helped Americans greatly. 1781, cornered British army, General George Cornwallis surrendered.
2. The French Revolution
1789, King Louis XVI called meeting of Estates General, governing body that hadn't met in 175 years. King needed financial help. Three estates. Estates met separately. Third Estate (peasants, 95% of population), June 17, 1789 declared themselves National Assembly. The Declaration of the Rights of Man. Assembly abolished feudal system, declared freedom of worship. 1791, Assembly ratified new constitution. Convention and Jacobins. Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. 1795, wrote new constitution and established Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte, general by age 24. 1799, overthrew Directory, declared self First Consul under new constitution (fourth since revolution began). Napoleonic Codes. Conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and kingdoms within Italy. 1812, attacked Russia, lured into Moscow, which Russians set aflame, preventing adequate housing for troops. Napoleon sent into exile. Prince von Metternich (Austria), Alexander I (Russia), Duke of Wellington (Britain). Napoleon tried regain power. Sent into permanent exile on island of St. Helena.
B. Lots of Independent Movements: Latin America
Haiti, French island colony. 90% of population slaves. 1801, Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture led successful slave revolt. Haitians capable fighters. Yellow fever took many French. Toussaint imprisoned. Lieutenant, Jacques Dessalines, proclaimed Haiti free republic in 1804. Simon Bolivar, Venezuela. 1811, Bolivar helped establish national congress, independence from Spain. Civil war. Bolivar successful. Jose de San Martin. By 1820s, huge chunk of South America independent from Spain. Brazil: Portugal. John VI. 1821 returned to Portugal, left Brazil in power of son, Pedro. Formed constitution. 1831, gave power to son, Pedro II. Slavery abolished in 1888. 1889 republic established. Mexico: Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos. Treaty of Cordoba.
C. Two Unification's: Italy and Germany
Italy. Foreign-controlled small kingdoms. Only divided kingdom of Sardinia controlled by Italians. Victor Emmanuel II. Count Camillo Cavour. Managed to remove Austrian influence by 1859. Spain out by 1860. Germany. Prussia and Austria politically dominated. William I of Prussia. Franco-Prussian War. Bismarck victorious. Germany became one of most powerful nations by 1914.
D. Other Political Developments
Russia. Romanov czars. Alexander II issued Emancipation Edict, abolished serfdom. Did little good. Arts began to flourish. 1881, Alexander II assassinated by The People's Will. Alexander III, Russification. Nicholas II, Bloody Sunday. 1906, Peter Stolypin appointed as Prime Minister. Duma. Ottoman Empire began to decline. U.S. 1823, U.S. President Monroe declared in State of the Union Address the western hemisphere off-limits to European Aggression. Monroe Doctrine. Britain agreed to back up U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt added Roosevelt Corollary. Panama Canal. Spanish-American War.
V. Technology and Intellectual Developments. 1750- 1914 C.E.
Advances in power and transportation. Steam. Rail lines. Large scale migrations. New forms of entertainment. Rapid industrialization. New imperial ism and interactions. New reasons and new ways to make war. Automatic weapons. Assembly-line.
VI. Changes and Contiuities in the Role of Women
Still not many rights.
VII. Pulling It All Together.
(Flowchart shown). Age of Exploration, Industrial Revolution, Enlightenment. Nationalism. Many forces of change. Exploration, industrialization, education. Continuing impact of Enlightenment, end of slavery, military superiority, nationalism, imperialism, racism, capitalism, Marxism...Trains, ships, telegraphs. By 1914, planes and telephones. Urbanization.
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