This is the DBQ chart I made to help me write my DBQ (its kind of messed up form how the orignal was, but its the closest I could get it from google docs):
.
.
-Doc #
-Date
-Source
-Category #1--I vs. E
-Category #2--S vs. E
-POV
.
-1
-700's (8th century CE)
-Hadith (Islamic Legal code)
-no harm in trading, even in seasons of pilgrimage, trade said to be okay by "divine inspiration"
-:-> (can see POV)
.
-2
-1300's (14th century CE)
-Ibn Khaldun
-trade=gambling trade=tricks
tradesmen inferior to rulers, have some bad charcteristics, trading/ tradsmen fall under the heading of gambling.
-:->
.
-3
-1100's (12th century CE)
-Saint Godric's Christian Biographer, Reginald of Durham
-trade and merchants have transgressions, but make good money, give to charity, travel increaases age and wisdom
many merchants steal from others, had transgressions
-:->
.
-4
-1198
-Pope Innoccent III
-absolutely no trading with people like muslims, only trade with people of same religion, people who traded with Muslims would be excommunicated form church
trade was a way to get money, but if you traded with anyone outside the church (muslims) then that was bad. This meant that this culture didn't really have much contact with the muslims
-:->
.
-5
-1250
-Humbert de Romans, about European fairs and markets
-markets are usually morally worse than fairs, men sometimes miss church/mass for markets, sometimes held in holy places, make men swear/use God's name in vain, sometimes markets cause fights to break out, drinking, market place has demon, overall bad place
many unclean people who weren't unhonest were at the market selling things to people, bad influence on others, a lot of swearing/using God's name in vain
-:->
.
-6
-1500's (16th century CE)
-Zhang Han, China
-the wisdom and ability of the merchants is insignificant, the confucian classic says "Great understanding is broad and unhurried; little inderstanding is cramped and busy", merchants earn a lot of money, wisdom, and ability, but according to Confucius all of their traveling, moeny, fine things, wisdom and ability are unimportant.
merchants make a lot of money and profit, very well off in life, have some wisdom and ability, ...trading probably limited because of what Confucius said (<--) and because China was isolated
.
.
Tuesday, December 16, 2008
My DBQ
DBQ Essay-- Merchants and Trading Amy :-)
In the post-classical period religion and trade often connected, influenced, and interacted with each other. Sometimes this influence was good and there was no conflict between the two, but at other times they restricted each other and struggled to get along. The documents came from a variety of time periods, and the attitude towards trading and merchants changed little over time. The point of view was generally the same, merchants and trade was bad. The point of view was easily identified. There were documents from Islamics, Christians, and Confucianists. An additional document that would have been useful would be a document from India. There was no document from India, Hinduism, or Buddhism. A document form this South Asia area would be a good document to get a point of view from.
At many times in history religion and trade interacted with each other and had a conflict. According to the Muslim Ibn Khaldun of the 14th century, "the manners of tradesmen are inferior to those of rulers, and are far removed from manliness and uprightness." Ibn Khaldun said that trading was gambling and the merchants used many tricks and lies. The only reason that trade was allowed by Islam was because people need to make money to live. After reading the words of Ibn Khaldun under this subject, one can easily come to the conclusion that he thought merchants and trading was dishonest and bad (DOC #2). Religion at times would be the one conflicting with trade. Another man, Humbert de Romans wrote in the year 1250 about the European fairs and markets. Fairs weren't as bad because they weren't very often and didn't go to the same places very often. Markets, however, were usually morally worse than fairs. Markets were bad because men would sometimes miss church or mass to go to these dirty no good markets. Also, there was swearing, drinking, cheating, 'demons', and some merchants and even the people who went to buy things from them would be influenced to use God's name in vain. Markets are horrible places because of those things and also they were sometimes held in Holy places. This implies to a person that religion sometimes conflicted with trade because the trade is being limited by religion (DOC #5). Another document that shows religion conflicting with trade was that of Pope Innocent III in the year 1198. He claimed that if anyone traded with anyone of another faith, especially the Muslims, that one would be "placed under sentence of excommunication". Religion was obviously conflicting and limiting trade here. If someone was to hep out a Muslim in business by anyway they were to be excommunicated, which meant that the Church was not allowing any contact with Muslims and you would be kicked out of the church, it would be a great price to pay if you contacted a Muslim (DOC #4).
At other times in the post-classical period, there wasn't really a conflict with trade and merchants. According to a document from the depiction of Saint Godric, a British merchant, by his Christian biographer, Reginald of Durham, trade helps you because you earn great profits. Also, the traveling increases your wisdom and you can go to the church. Being a merchant you earn enough money to give some to charity. On the travels you can "visit the homes of past Saints and meditate on their lives with abundant tears". This document is showing that religion had no conflict with trade and trade was okay (DOC #3). The Hadith (the Islamic legal code) from the 8th century CE also shows that at times religion had no conflict with trade. When Islam first came to the area "Muslims felt that marketing there might be a sin. So, the Divine Inspiration came" and said that trade was fine. People have to live, and to do that they need to earn money, sometimes by trade. As long as they were honest in their dealings, the Islam religion had no conflict with trade (DOC #1)
At some times in the post-classical period that the philosophy of Confucianism and trade conflicted with each other. This is shown in Zhang Han's essay on merchants from the 16th century. Merchants were thought to be very greedy because of all the fine and elegant things that they had. Also, "merchants boast that their wisdom and ability are such as to give them a free hand in affairs". Merchants thought of themselves as very smart and successful. However, according to Confucianism philosophy they are actually insignificant. "Great understanding is broad and unhurried; little understanding is cramped and busy." (DOC #6).
There was a pattern of benfit and drawbacks shown in these documents. At times religion and trade interacted each other in good ways, at other times bad ways. For example, in document #2 Ibn Khaldun said that merchants and trading was a very bad thing (con) but one needs to make money to live (pro). Document #4 had the point of view that there was no conflict between trade and religion (pro), but there was a conflict between religion and trade because if you were to contact or trade with a Muslim then you were to be excommunicated (con). Many of the documents mentioned tricks, bad morals, and lies. Only one document really said that trade was okay.The document was document #1, saying that the divine inspiration said trade was okay. The rest had the point of view that it was bad with maybe a few good things. An additional document that may have been useful would be one from India, Hinduism, and Buddhism. This would be a good document to have because then there would be a point of view from all the major world religions from the time.
In the post-classical period religion and trade often connected, influenced, and interacted with each other. Sometimes this influence was good and there was no conflict between the two, but at other times they restricted each other and struggled to get along. The documents came from a variety of time periods, and the attitude towards trading and merchants changed little over time. The point of view was generally the same, merchants and trade was bad. The point of view was easily identified. There were documents from Islamics, Christians, and Confucianists. An additional document that would have been useful would be a document from India. There was no document from India, Hinduism, or Buddhism. A document form this South Asia area would be a good document to get a point of view from.
At many times in history religion and trade interacted with each other and had a conflict. According to the Muslim Ibn Khaldun of the 14th century, "the manners of tradesmen are inferior to those of rulers, and are far removed from manliness and uprightness." Ibn Khaldun said that trading was gambling and the merchants used many tricks and lies. The only reason that trade was allowed by Islam was because people need to make money to live. After reading the words of Ibn Khaldun under this subject, one can easily come to the conclusion that he thought merchants and trading was dishonest and bad (DOC #2). Religion at times would be the one conflicting with trade. Another man, Humbert de Romans wrote in the year 1250 about the European fairs and markets. Fairs weren't as bad because they weren't very often and didn't go to the same places very often. Markets, however, were usually morally worse than fairs. Markets were bad because men would sometimes miss church or mass to go to these dirty no good markets. Also, there was swearing, drinking, cheating, 'demons', and some merchants and even the people who went to buy things from them would be influenced to use God's name in vain. Markets are horrible places because of those things and also they were sometimes held in Holy places. This implies to a person that religion sometimes conflicted with trade because the trade is being limited by religion (DOC #5). Another document that shows religion conflicting with trade was that of Pope Innocent III in the year 1198. He claimed that if anyone traded with anyone of another faith, especially the Muslims, that one would be "placed under sentence of excommunication". Religion was obviously conflicting and limiting trade here. If someone was to hep out a Muslim in business by anyway they were to be excommunicated, which meant that the Church was not allowing any contact with Muslims and you would be kicked out of the church, it would be a great price to pay if you contacted a Muslim (DOC #4).
At other times in the post-classical period, there wasn't really a conflict with trade and merchants. According to a document from the depiction of Saint Godric, a British merchant, by his Christian biographer, Reginald of Durham, trade helps you because you earn great profits. Also, the traveling increases your wisdom and you can go to the church. Being a merchant you earn enough money to give some to charity. On the travels you can "visit the homes of past Saints and meditate on their lives with abundant tears". This document is showing that religion had no conflict with trade and trade was okay (DOC #3). The Hadith (the Islamic legal code) from the 8th century CE also shows that at times religion had no conflict with trade. When Islam first came to the area "Muslims felt that marketing there might be a sin. So, the Divine Inspiration came" and said that trade was fine. People have to live, and to do that they need to earn money, sometimes by trade. As long as they were honest in their dealings, the Islam religion had no conflict with trade (DOC #1)
At some times in the post-classical period that the philosophy of Confucianism and trade conflicted with each other. This is shown in Zhang Han's essay on merchants from the 16th century. Merchants were thought to be very greedy because of all the fine and elegant things that they had. Also, "merchants boast that their wisdom and ability are such as to give them a free hand in affairs". Merchants thought of themselves as very smart and successful. However, according to Confucianism philosophy they are actually insignificant. "Great understanding is broad and unhurried; little understanding is cramped and busy." (DOC #6).
There was a pattern of benfit and drawbacks shown in these documents. At times religion and trade interacted each other in good ways, at other times bad ways. For example, in document #2 Ibn Khaldun said that merchants and trading was a very bad thing (con) but one needs to make money to live (pro). Document #4 had the point of view that there was no conflict between trade and religion (pro), but there was a conflict between religion and trade because if you were to contact or trade with a Muslim then you were to be excommunicated (con). Many of the documents mentioned tricks, bad morals, and lies. Only one document really said that trade was okay.The document was document #1, saying that the divine inspiration said trade was okay. The rest had the point of view that it was bad with maybe a few good things. An additional document that may have been useful would be one from India, Hinduism, and Buddhism. This would be a good document to have because then there would be a point of view from all the major world religions from the time.
Monday, December 15, 2008
Non Muslims In Africa
The following is a 3 paragraph paper that we did in groups. Our assignment was to write a three paragraph research paper about how non Muslims are treated in Africa. Our paper has a paragraph for modern, a paragraph for when Islam was spreading in Africa, and a paragraph for the change over time. There are some links for websites that some information was taken from.
Africa and Non Muslims
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36TNd3c0K8Q --watch first
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_D1WhNwN5qk&NR=1 --watch second
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpOKKjaTAKQ&feature=related --watch third
http://www.jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/009767.php --not a video, text
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4JhLH558rw --some blurred out blood
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcI5qVdxMuM --some parts hard to understand
According the above website (the text), non muslims in Africa, especially black africans, have not been treated fairly by Muslims. Slavery had to be forced to stop by the French when the Muslims were enslaving the black Africans and pressurin other religions like CHristianity in Nigeria. The first three videos form you tube talk about treatment of non muslims in Egypt, Africa. The Christians were often forced to live in the dirtiest parts, sorting rubbish for a living. There was a underground Christian church, where the Christians were only allowed to practice their religion if they did not attract any Muslims, especially to attract a Muslim to convert. They aren't really allowed to build any churches above ground, Christians in Egypt are strongly discriminated against. Sometimes police won't even help the Christians. Muslims are not allowed to convert to Christianity and if one does try to convert, it is not recognized. In the video below the text website, it's from a news agency. In Ethiopia, Africa, Muslims attacked and burned a Christian Church. Many people were hurt very badly. The Muslims had guns and knives, when they couldn't get in they doused the church with gasoline and lit it on fire (while the Christians had been inside praying). A jihad was declared on Ethiopia, and it has been said in more than just this video that the Muslims have the goal of making the whole continent of Africa Islamic. In the last video Muslims are kidnapping Christian girls and boys, making it very hard to find them, especially by completely veiling the girls. They made it so hard for one girl to be found that the police started to give up. Then her mother recognized the way she walked and rescued her. Four days later, she was kidnapped again and sent to a man who taught the ways of Islam. Some of these people were threatened with violence and amputations, even beheading if they did not pay attention and do as they were told.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam#Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan_(Coming_of_Islam_to_the_Turkiyah)
That was in the modern times. As Islam originally spread in Africa, the people in Africa were treated somewhat fairly, as you can se by reading the above articles from wikipedia. The non-muslims were basically allowed to practice their own religion as long as the Arabs/Muslims were ruling. However, when the Muslims invaded Nubia twice, the second time they tore down one of the major cathedrals and caused the non Muslims to put up a stout defense. In the end, the Muslims put up an armistice to maintain as much peace as possible. In Egypt, some Copts thought that Muslims were more tolerant than the Byzantine that had previously held power. Taxes were raised, which made some Africans quite unhappy, but the people were not subjected to further assaults once the Muslims were in power and they were pretty much left in peace. In many places like Alexandria for example, the victorious Muslim conquerors granted religious freedom to the CHristians, who would still be subject to the Muslim rule. However, Islam was spread by the sword where there was resistance, then peace was somewhat maintained. There were many wars when the Muslims were invading northern Africa. In some instances, when the Muslims were still battling the Byzantine EMpire for control over Africa, a city was burned. Some captives that were taken were either forced into slavery or military service. In some areas of Africa, Islam was spread by the vast number of merchants over many trade routes, especially on the Eastern coast and northern Africa. In North Africa, the Jews were really the only ones who didn't accept Islam being there. Christians and pagans both accepted the Muslim rulers, and many Berbers converted and helped with the Muslim conquests. The Muslims mostly allowed the people of Africa to keep doing what they were doing, as long as the Muslims were allowed to rule.
The treatment of non Muslims in Africa has changed greatly over time. When Islam first started to spread in Africa, the non Muslims were treated somewhat fairly. They were mostly still allowed to practice their own religion as long as they let the Muslims rule and followed the laws. Islam was spread by the sword, so some non muslims were probably killed, but peace was mostly maintained. In fact, Muslims were considered more tolerant than the Byzantine Empire. However, these freedoms have changed greatly over time. Today, whereever the Muslims are in Africa there's not religious freedom. Christians and Jews are very persecuted. The links at the top of this page show this. Many non Muslims are being killed, tortured, and kidnapped. The Muslims seem to have the goal of converting the whole of Africa to Islam. The Muslims are being very violent toward the non muslims, not trying to maintian peace, but disrupting it very much. This was a great change since when Islam first started to spread in Africa.
Africa and Non Muslims
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36TNd3c0K8Q --watch first
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_D1WhNwN5qk&NR=1 --watch second
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpOKKjaTAKQ&feature=related --watch third
http://www.jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/009767.php --not a video, text
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4JhLH558rw --some blurred out blood
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcI5qVdxMuM --some parts hard to understand
According the above website (the text), non muslims in Africa, especially black africans, have not been treated fairly by Muslims. Slavery had to be forced to stop by the French when the Muslims were enslaving the black Africans and pressurin other religions like CHristianity in Nigeria. The first three videos form you tube talk about treatment of non muslims in Egypt, Africa. The Christians were often forced to live in the dirtiest parts, sorting rubbish for a living. There was a underground Christian church, where the Christians were only allowed to practice their religion if they did not attract any Muslims, especially to attract a Muslim to convert. They aren't really allowed to build any churches above ground, Christians in Egypt are strongly discriminated against. Sometimes police won't even help the Christians. Muslims are not allowed to convert to Christianity and if one does try to convert, it is not recognized. In the video below the text website, it's from a news agency. In Ethiopia, Africa, Muslims attacked and burned a Christian Church. Many people were hurt very badly. The Muslims had guns and knives, when they couldn't get in they doused the church with gasoline and lit it on fire (while the Christians had been inside praying). A jihad was declared on Ethiopia, and it has been said in more than just this video that the Muslims have the goal of making the whole continent of Africa Islamic. In the last video Muslims are kidnapping Christian girls and boys, making it very hard to find them, especially by completely veiling the girls. They made it so hard for one girl to be found that the police started to give up. Then her mother recognized the way she walked and rescued her. Four days later, she was kidnapped again and sent to a man who taught the ways of Islam. Some of these people were threatened with violence and amputations, even beheading if they did not pay attention and do as they were told.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam#Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan_(Coming_of_Islam_to_the_Turkiyah)
That was in the modern times. As Islam originally spread in Africa, the people in Africa were treated somewhat fairly, as you can se by reading the above articles from wikipedia. The non-muslims were basically allowed to practice their own religion as long as the Arabs/Muslims were ruling. However, when the Muslims invaded Nubia twice, the second time they tore down one of the major cathedrals and caused the non Muslims to put up a stout defense. In the end, the Muslims put up an armistice to maintain as much peace as possible. In Egypt, some Copts thought that Muslims were more tolerant than the Byzantine that had previously held power. Taxes were raised, which made some Africans quite unhappy, but the people were not subjected to further assaults once the Muslims were in power and they were pretty much left in peace. In many places like Alexandria for example, the victorious Muslim conquerors granted religious freedom to the CHristians, who would still be subject to the Muslim rule. However, Islam was spread by the sword where there was resistance, then peace was somewhat maintained. There were many wars when the Muslims were invading northern Africa. In some instances, when the Muslims were still battling the Byzantine EMpire for control over Africa, a city was burned. Some captives that were taken were either forced into slavery or military service. In some areas of Africa, Islam was spread by the vast number of merchants over many trade routes, especially on the Eastern coast and northern Africa. In North Africa, the Jews were really the only ones who didn't accept Islam being there. Christians and pagans both accepted the Muslim rulers, and many Berbers converted and helped with the Muslim conquests. The Muslims mostly allowed the people of Africa to keep doing what they were doing, as long as the Muslims were allowed to rule.
The treatment of non Muslims in Africa has changed greatly over time. When Islam first started to spread in Africa, the non Muslims were treated somewhat fairly. They were mostly still allowed to practice their own religion as long as they let the Muslims rule and followed the laws. Islam was spread by the sword, so some non muslims were probably killed, but peace was mostly maintained. In fact, Muslims were considered more tolerant than the Byzantine Empire. However, these freedoms have changed greatly over time. Today, whereever the Muslims are in Africa there's not religious freedom. Christians and Jews are very persecuted. The links at the top of this page show this. Many non Muslims are being killed, tortured, and kidnapped. The Muslims seem to have the goal of converting the whole of Africa to Islam. The Muslims are being very violent toward the non muslims, not trying to maintian peace, but disrupting it very much. This was a great change since when Islam first started to spread in Africa.
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