Chapter 10: Recent Stuff: Around 1914 to Present

LAST CHAPTER!!!

I. Chapter Overview
II. Stay Focused on the Big Picture
III. The Twentieth Century in Chunks
A. The World War I Era
By 1914, most of world was or had been colonized by Europeans. 1914, major fight among European powers. Triple Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1880s in case France wanted revenge. Also had pact with Russia. After Bismarck ousted, Russia ignored, Franco-Russo alliance. 1907, British also signed agreements with France and Russia, Triple Entente. Schlieffen Plan in Germany. Russia allied with Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary visited Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia, 1914. Gavrilo Pricip, Serbian nationalist, shot and killed Archduke and wife. War started. Central powers and Allies. Germans' sank ship, killed 100+ Americans. Next year, Germany tried to cut off all shipments to Britain, attacked U.S. merchant ships to Britain. Message sent from Germany to Mexico trying to get Mexicans on their side- intercepted by U.S. April 2, 1917, America entered war on side of Allies. November 11, 1918 Germany and Central Powers gave up. 8.5 million soldiers, millions of civilians perished. Rationing of products. When men gone, women worked in factories to fill empty positions. 1919, Treaty of Versailles brought official end to WWI. President Wilson's Fourteen Points. Germany required pay war reparations, release territory, downsize military. League of Nations. Many nations refused to join at first. Russian Revolution. 1917, Czar Nicholas forced abdicate throne. Romanov Dynasty came to end. Alexander Kerensky, provisional government established. Soviets. Government affirmed natural rights. 1918, Bolsheviks. Vladimir Lenin- April Theses, demanded peace, land for peasants, power to the Soviets. Treaty of Brest- Litovsk. Soviet Union. Red Army, military force under command of Leon Trotsky. Mustafa Kernal, AKA Ataturk (Father of the Turks), overthrew Ottoman Empire. First president of modern Turkey.

B. The World War II Era
Soviets. New Economic Policy (NEP). When Lenin died, leadership of Communist Party shifted to Joseph Stalin. Discarded NEP, made Five Year Plans. Collectivization. Plans successfully industrialized USSR (Soviet Union). Stalin relied on terror tactics. Murders. "Great Purge". Established labor camps to punish any who opposed him. Millions of Soviets slaughtered under Stalin. U.S. stock market crash October 1929, Great Depression. 1932 Franklin Roosevelt elected president. Fascism in Europe. Nationalism and racial identity. Italy first to have fascist government. Benito Mussolini. Blackshirts, paid to fight socialist and communist organizations. By 1926, Italy transformed into totalitarian fascist regime. Germany. Wiemar Republic. 1920s, National Socialist Party (Nazis) rose to power. Adolf Hitler rose to power as head of Nazis. Extreme nationalism and dreams of renewed greatness. Hitler convinced Aryan was most highly evolved race, inferior races such as Slavs and Jews corrupted German race, inferiors should be deported, eliminated. Hitler guide or fuhrer of Nazi Party. 1933, began to rebuild German military. Withdrew from League of Nations. General Francisco Franco took control of large parts of Spain. Franco's troops captured Madrid, installed dictatorship in Spain. Germany and Italy supported. 1935, Hitler took back Rhineland. Munich Conference of 1938. Appeasement. August 1939, Nazi-Soviet pact. WWII began. Japan had been getting more powerful. 1931, invaded Manchuria, renamed Manchukuo. Withdrew from League of Nations. Anti-Comintern Pact. Beginning of alliance with Germany. Japanese troops invaded China. Nanjing, nearly 250,000 Chinese slaughtered. WWII, Hitler's forces devastating. Within year, Axis power controlled most of continental Europe. Winston Churchill, Britain's resolute and fierce prime minister. Battle of Britain. Italy attacked Greece. Japan continued expansion into China, invaded Vietnam. December 11, 1941, Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. Manhattan Project. D-day. May 1945, Allied forces closed in on Hitler's troops. Hitler committed suicide. War continued. U.S. forces defeated Japan island to island. Japan refused to surrender. President Truman ordered dropping of atomic bomb on Hiroshima August 6, 1945. More than 1000,000 killed or injured, city completely leveled. Japanese not surrender, President Truman authorized second bomb drop on Nagasaki August 9. Similar consequences, Japanese surrendered. WWII ended. Holocaust, known in Germany as " The Final Solution". Jews who lived in Germany and German-occupied lands rounded up, methodically killed in gas chambers and firing lines, bodies disposed of in ovens and mass graves. 6 million Jews an additional 6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled people, political dissidents also killed in Holocaust. U.S. and Soviet Union became superpowers. U.S. instituted Marshall Plan, offered to all European countries. Decline of colonialism. Big changes for women. Employment, higher education. Network of international organizations. United Nations. World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization.

C. Communism and the Cold War
Cold War lasted 1945-early 1990s. U.S. and Soviet Union, vied for global domination, tried pull rest of world into standoff. Nuclear arsenals became massive. U.S. promoted capitalism and variations of democracy. Soviet Union promoted communism, totalitarianism. Soviet Union wanted Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria be under its influence. U.S. wanted nations have free elections. Berlin Blockade. Berlin Airlift. Berlin divided in half. Soviet bloc, western bloc. Truman Doctrine. Containment. Western bloc formed NATO. Eastern bloc formed Warsaw Pact. Borders loaded with weapons. Conventional then nuclear. Iron Curtain. China- nationalism, socialism, and democracy. KMT political party. Communists. Mao Zedong. Republic of China. Mainland China became People's Republic of China, largest communist nation. 1950s, Great Leap Forward. Starvation of nearly 30 million Chinese. Started focus on building up military. 1964, tested first atomic bomb. 1966, Cultural Revolution. Forced egalitarianism. 1976, Deng Xiapping took office after Nao's death. Began focus on restructuring economic policies. Free-market capitalism. Still remained strictly communist. Korea-Soviet Union and U.S., Korea two separate pieces. Soviet-backed communist regime in North Korea, U.S. backed democracy in South Korea. 1950, North attacked South. Armistice in 1953. Today, still separate. North Korea has huge military, nuclear bombs, missiles capable of delivering bombs. Vietnam- divided into two pieces. Communists, Ho Chi Minh, north, democracy, Ngo Dihn Diem, south. Another war. Reunification of Vietnam as communist under Ho Chi Minh. Cuba-U.S. and Cuba, Platt Amendment. Batista dictatorship.
1956, Peasants revolted under leadership of Fidel Castro. Used guerrilla warfare techniques. 1959, Batista fled. Castro established communist dictatorship. Established strong ties with Soviet union. 1961, Preside Kennedy authorized Bay of Pigs Invasion, failed. 1962, Cuban Missile Crisis. Soviet Union collapsed early 1990's. Castro kept power, but economic conditions deteriorated. Europe-Poland-solidarity movement, Lech Walesa. 1988, solidarity legalized. 1989, Tadeusi Mazowiecki became Prime Minister. 1990, communist party fell apart, Lech Walesa elected president. 1999, joined NATO, 2004 joined European Union. Germany-East Germany cut ties with Soviet Union, began negotiations with West Germany. 1989, Berlin Wall torn down. Germany reunified as modern capitalist-leaning Democratic nation. Soviet Union - 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev. 1991, soviet Union disintegrated, Russia became own country again, Ukraine. Belarus, and Georgia became independent nations. Yugoslavia, "ethnic cleansing", Muslims slaughtered. Chechnya. Guerrilla warfare and terrorist tactics. Democracy formed.

D. Independence Movements and Developments in Asia and Africa
1906, Muslim League. 1919, Amritsar massacre. 319 Indians, Hindu and Muslim, slaughtered by British General Dyer during peaceful protest in a city park. No way for victims escape, park was walled. 1920, Mohandas Gandhi. Passive resistance. Gandhi called for Indian unity. Instead, Muslim league planned future country: Pakistan. After WWII, independence granted. Racial Hindus and Muslims started killing each other. Muhammad Ali Jinnah. 1947, Pakistan created Pakistan mainly Muslim, India-Hindu.Gandhi assassinated by Hindu. Two nations still fighting Kashnir. Both countries have become nuclear powers. Africa- other than South Africa, nations above Sahara first to gain independence. 1922, Egypt independent. 1950's, Gamal Nasser overthrew King, established republic. south of Sahara, resources had been taken. Made nations weak, struggled to build strong, stable, independent countries. Rwanda, Tutsi governed Hutu. 1962, Rwanda independent. Hutu revolted, left thousands dead. The two ethnic groups fought 10 years, Juvenal Habyarimana unseated government, 1981 established one-party republic. 1994, general died, civil war broke out between two groups. 100 days, 800,000 Tutsi dead. More than 2 million refugees sent or fled to Zaire, many died of disease. South Africa- British and Dutch colonist. Black people excluded. 1923, residential Segregation established enforced. 1926, blacks banned from work whites wanted 1931, South Africa independent, racial policies unimproved. apartheid. Big separations. 1930's Nelson Mandela became leader of African National Congress. 1960, Sharpeville massacre. Guerrilla warfare. 1994, apartheid abolished, Mandela elected president. Middle East- Israel- Hebrews(Jews) occupied lands in Palestine. Islam, Muslims increasingly came to Palestine. Arthur Balfour. 1917, Balfour Declaration, right for home in Palestine for Jewish people. 1920, Britain gained control of Palestine. Jews flooded into Palestine 1930's to escape Hitler. Beginning of WWII nearly 500,000 Jews emigrated to Palestine. 1940, United Nations created two Palestine's, one for Jews, one for Muslims (Palestinians). David Ben- Gurion, first prime minister of Israel. Muslims attacked, Israelis had military capability. Two nations fought. 1967, Six Day War, Israelis controlled all of Palestine. 1977, Prime Minister begin, President Sadat, signed Camp David Accords. Israelis and Palestinians still fighting. 2000, Ariel Sharon approved construction of wall to be build between Palestinian west Bank and Israel. 2003, "Road map to Peace" proposed. Palestinian president Yassir Arafat died November 2004. January 2005, Mahmoud Abbas elected, signed cease-fire with Israel. Peace still limited. Iran- 1960's land reform education reform, increased rights of women. 1979, shah ousted from power. Modernization and Westernization programs reversed, women required wear traditional Islamic clothing, return to traditional roles. Qu'ran Became basis of legal system. Iran- Iraq war, eight year war, cease- fire signed in 1988. war in Iraq. 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected Iran president. 1960, Oil - OPEC (organization of Petroleum Exporting countries). Huge power over economy.

E.Globalization and the World Since 1980
1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait under leadership of Saddam Hussein. Driven out by United Nations and U.S. Hussein kept power. Brutal dictatorship. April 2003, Iraq invaded to oust Hussein from power. Hussein captured. Democracy tried to be established. Elections held. Afghanistan, the Taliban, Osama bin Laden, Saudi leader of international terrorist network, AKA Al Queda. Doesn't like U.S. or Saudi Arabia. September 11, 2001, Al Queda operatives took control of four American passenger jets, two flown into World Trade Center, NYC, one into Pentagon in Washington, D.C., one into field in Pennsylvania. U.S. launched war on terrorism. Taliban removed from power, Al Queda still survives. World Trade and Cultural Exchange-North American Free Trade Agreement, European Union...Trade of goods and ideas transported easily. Agencies and organizations designed to protect and facilitate trade. International Monetary Fund, World Bank, The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, World Trade Organization, Group of Six (G6, now G8). Environmental change-pollution and waste management. 1950s and 1960s, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, biologically engineered foods, more efficient means of harvesting, more marginal lands available for agriculture, resulted in destroyed traditional landscapes including rain forests in Indonesia and South America, reduced species diversity, fostered social conflicts. Bottled water. Consumption of oil. Global Warming. Technology since 1980- computers, software, hardware, Internet, email.

IV. Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
Dramatic changes in women's social, political, economic roles. Increased rights. Right to vote. Education. Professions. China, one-child policy. Family structure changed.

V. Pulling It All Together
Nationalism affected all major global events in twentieth century. Independence movements. Globalization. Transportation, communications, imperialism. Economies intertwined. Self-determination in nations. No right answer to question: Is there currently a convergence of cultures?

I'M DONE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!