Chapter 10: Recent Stuff: Around 1914 to Present

LAST CHAPTER!!!

I. Chapter Overview
II. Stay Focused on the Big Picture
III. The Twentieth Century in Chunks
A. The World War I Era
By 1914, most of world was or had been colonized by Europeans. 1914, major fight among European powers. Triple Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1880s in case France wanted revenge. Also had pact with Russia. After Bismarck ousted, Russia ignored, Franco-Russo alliance. 1907, British also signed agreements with France and Russia, Triple Entente. Schlieffen Plan in Germany. Russia allied with Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary visited Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia, 1914. Gavrilo Pricip, Serbian nationalist, shot and killed Archduke and wife. War started. Central powers and Allies. Germans' sank ship, killed 100+ Americans. Next year, Germany tried to cut off all shipments to Britain, attacked U.S. merchant ships to Britain. Message sent from Germany to Mexico trying to get Mexicans on their side- intercepted by U.S. April 2, 1917, America entered war on side of Allies. November 11, 1918 Germany and Central Powers gave up. 8.5 million soldiers, millions of civilians perished. Rationing of products. When men gone, women worked in factories to fill empty positions. 1919, Treaty of Versailles brought official end to WWI. President Wilson's Fourteen Points. Germany required pay war reparations, release territory, downsize military. League of Nations. Many nations refused to join at first. Russian Revolution. 1917, Czar Nicholas forced abdicate throne. Romanov Dynasty came to end. Alexander Kerensky, provisional government established. Soviets. Government affirmed natural rights. 1918, Bolsheviks. Vladimir Lenin- April Theses, demanded peace, land for peasants, power to the Soviets. Treaty of Brest- Litovsk. Soviet Union. Red Army, military force under command of Leon Trotsky. Mustafa Kernal, AKA Ataturk (Father of the Turks), overthrew Ottoman Empire. First president of modern Turkey.

B. The World War II Era
Soviets. New Economic Policy (NEP). When Lenin died, leadership of Communist Party shifted to Joseph Stalin. Discarded NEP, made Five Year Plans. Collectivization. Plans successfully industrialized USSR (Soviet Union). Stalin relied on terror tactics. Murders. "Great Purge". Established labor camps to punish any who opposed him. Millions of Soviets slaughtered under Stalin. U.S. stock market crash October 1929, Great Depression. 1932 Franklin Roosevelt elected president. Fascism in Europe. Nationalism and racial identity. Italy first to have fascist government. Benito Mussolini. Blackshirts, paid to fight socialist and communist organizations. By 1926, Italy transformed into totalitarian fascist regime. Germany. Wiemar Republic. 1920s, National Socialist Party (Nazis) rose to power. Adolf Hitler rose to power as head of Nazis. Extreme nationalism and dreams of renewed greatness. Hitler convinced Aryan was most highly evolved race, inferior races such as Slavs and Jews corrupted German race, inferiors should be deported, eliminated. Hitler guide or fuhrer of Nazi Party. 1933, began to rebuild German military. Withdrew from League of Nations. General Francisco Franco took control of large parts of Spain. Franco's troops captured Madrid, installed dictatorship in Spain. Germany and Italy supported. 1935, Hitler took back Rhineland. Munich Conference of 1938. Appeasement. August 1939, Nazi-Soviet pact. WWII began. Japan had been getting more powerful. 1931, invaded Manchuria, renamed Manchukuo. Withdrew from League of Nations. Anti-Comintern Pact. Beginning of alliance with Germany. Japanese troops invaded China. Nanjing, nearly 250,000 Chinese slaughtered. WWII, Hitler's forces devastating. Within year, Axis power controlled most of continental Europe. Winston Churchill, Britain's resolute and fierce prime minister. Battle of Britain. Italy attacked Greece. Japan continued expansion into China, invaded Vietnam. December 11, 1941, Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. Manhattan Project. D-day. May 1945, Allied forces closed in on Hitler's troops. Hitler committed suicide. War continued. U.S. forces defeated Japan island to island. Japan refused to surrender. President Truman ordered dropping of atomic bomb on Hiroshima August 6, 1945. More than 1000,000 killed or injured, city completely leveled. Japanese not surrender, President Truman authorized second bomb drop on Nagasaki August 9. Similar consequences, Japanese surrendered. WWII ended. Holocaust, known in Germany as " The Final Solution". Jews who lived in Germany and German-occupied lands rounded up, methodically killed in gas chambers and firing lines, bodies disposed of in ovens and mass graves. 6 million Jews an additional 6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled people, political dissidents also killed in Holocaust. U.S. and Soviet Union became superpowers. U.S. instituted Marshall Plan, offered to all European countries. Decline of colonialism. Big changes for women. Employment, higher education. Network of international organizations. United Nations. World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization.

C. Communism and the Cold War
Cold War lasted 1945-early 1990s. U.S. and Soviet Union, vied for global domination, tried pull rest of world into standoff. Nuclear arsenals became massive. U.S. promoted capitalism and variations of democracy. Soviet Union promoted communism, totalitarianism. Soviet Union wanted Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria be under its influence. U.S. wanted nations have free elections. Berlin Blockade. Berlin Airlift. Berlin divided in half. Soviet bloc, western bloc. Truman Doctrine. Containment. Western bloc formed NATO. Eastern bloc formed Warsaw Pact. Borders loaded with weapons. Conventional then nuclear. Iron Curtain. China- nationalism, socialism, and democracy. KMT political party. Communists. Mao Zedong. Republic of China. Mainland China became People's Republic of China, largest communist nation. 1950s, Great Leap Forward. Starvation of nearly 30 million Chinese. Started focus on building up military. 1964, tested first atomic bomb. 1966, Cultural Revolution. Forced egalitarianism. 1976, Deng Xiapping took office after Nao's death. Began focus on restructuring economic policies. Free-market capitalism. Still remained strictly communist. Korea-Soviet Union and U.S., Korea two separate pieces. Soviet-backed communist regime in North Korea, U.S. backed democracy in South Korea. 1950, North attacked South. Armistice in 1953. Today, still separate. North Korea has huge military, nuclear bombs, missiles capable of delivering bombs. Vietnam- divided into two pieces. Communists, Ho Chi Minh, north, democracy, Ngo Dihn Diem, south. Another war. Reunification of Vietnam as communist under Ho Chi Minh. Cuba-U.S. and Cuba, Platt Amendment. Batista dictatorship.
1956, Peasants revolted under leadership of Fidel Castro. Used guerrilla warfare techniques. 1959, Batista fled. Castro established communist dictatorship. Established strong ties with Soviet union. 1961, Preside Kennedy authorized Bay of Pigs Invasion, failed. 1962, Cuban Missile Crisis. Soviet Union collapsed early 1990's. Castro kept power, but economic conditions deteriorated. Europe-Poland-solidarity movement, Lech Walesa. 1988, solidarity legalized. 1989, Tadeusi Mazowiecki became Prime Minister. 1990, communist party fell apart, Lech Walesa elected president. 1999, joined NATO, 2004 joined European Union. Germany-East Germany cut ties with Soviet Union, began negotiations with West Germany. 1989, Berlin Wall torn down. Germany reunified as modern capitalist-leaning Democratic nation. Soviet Union - 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev. 1991, soviet Union disintegrated, Russia became own country again, Ukraine. Belarus, and Georgia became independent nations. Yugoslavia, "ethnic cleansing", Muslims slaughtered. Chechnya. Guerrilla warfare and terrorist tactics. Democracy formed.

D. Independence Movements and Developments in Asia and Africa
1906, Muslim League. 1919, Amritsar massacre. 319 Indians, Hindu and Muslim, slaughtered by British General Dyer during peaceful protest in a city park. No way for victims escape, park was walled. 1920, Mohandas Gandhi. Passive resistance. Gandhi called for Indian unity. Instead, Muslim league planned future country: Pakistan. After WWII, independence granted. Racial Hindus and Muslims started killing each other. Muhammad Ali Jinnah. 1947, Pakistan created Pakistan mainly Muslim, India-Hindu.Gandhi assassinated by Hindu. Two nations still fighting Kashnir. Both countries have become nuclear powers. Africa- other than South Africa, nations above Sahara first to gain independence. 1922, Egypt independent. 1950's, Gamal Nasser overthrew King, established republic. south of Sahara, resources had been taken. Made nations weak, struggled to build strong, stable, independent countries. Rwanda, Tutsi governed Hutu. 1962, Rwanda independent. Hutu revolted, left thousands dead. The two ethnic groups fought 10 years, Juvenal Habyarimana unseated government, 1981 established one-party republic. 1994, general died, civil war broke out between two groups. 100 days, 800,000 Tutsi dead. More than 2 million refugees sent or fled to Zaire, many died of disease. South Africa- British and Dutch colonist. Black people excluded. 1923, residential Segregation established enforced. 1926, blacks banned from work whites wanted 1931, South Africa independent, racial policies unimproved. apartheid. Big separations. 1930's Nelson Mandela became leader of African National Congress. 1960, Sharpeville massacre. Guerrilla warfare. 1994, apartheid abolished, Mandela elected president. Middle East- Israel- Hebrews(Jews) occupied lands in Palestine. Islam, Muslims increasingly came to Palestine. Arthur Balfour. 1917, Balfour Declaration, right for home in Palestine for Jewish people. 1920, Britain gained control of Palestine. Jews flooded into Palestine 1930's to escape Hitler. Beginning of WWII nearly 500,000 Jews emigrated to Palestine. 1940, United Nations created two Palestine's, one for Jews, one for Muslims (Palestinians). David Ben- Gurion, first prime minister of Israel. Muslims attacked, Israelis had military capability. Two nations fought. 1967, Six Day War, Israelis controlled all of Palestine. 1977, Prime Minister begin, President Sadat, signed Camp David Accords. Israelis and Palestinians still fighting. 2000, Ariel Sharon approved construction of wall to be build between Palestinian west Bank and Israel. 2003, "Road map to Peace" proposed. Palestinian president Yassir Arafat died November 2004. January 2005, Mahmoud Abbas elected, signed cease-fire with Israel. Peace still limited. Iran- 1960's land reform education reform, increased rights of women. 1979, shah ousted from power. Modernization and Westernization programs reversed, women required wear traditional Islamic clothing, return to traditional roles. Qu'ran Became basis of legal system. Iran- Iraq war, eight year war, cease- fire signed in 1988. war in Iraq. 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected Iran president. 1960, Oil - OPEC (organization of Petroleum Exporting countries). Huge power over economy.

E.Globalization and the World Since 1980
1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait under leadership of Saddam Hussein. Driven out by United Nations and U.S. Hussein kept power. Brutal dictatorship. April 2003, Iraq invaded to oust Hussein from power. Hussein captured. Democracy tried to be established. Elections held. Afghanistan, the Taliban, Osama bin Laden, Saudi leader of international terrorist network, AKA Al Queda. Doesn't like U.S. or Saudi Arabia. September 11, 2001, Al Queda operatives took control of four American passenger jets, two flown into World Trade Center, NYC, one into Pentagon in Washington, D.C., one into field in Pennsylvania. U.S. launched war on terrorism. Taliban removed from power, Al Queda still survives. World Trade and Cultural Exchange-North American Free Trade Agreement, European Union...Trade of goods and ideas transported easily. Agencies and organizations designed to protect and facilitate trade. International Monetary Fund, World Bank, The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, World Trade Organization, Group of Six (G6, now G8). Environmental change-pollution and waste management. 1950s and 1960s, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, biologically engineered foods, more efficient means of harvesting, more marginal lands available for agriculture, resulted in destroyed traditional landscapes including rain forests in Indonesia and South America, reduced species diversity, fostered social conflicts. Bottled water. Consumption of oil. Global Warming. Technology since 1980- computers, software, hardware, Internet, email.

IV. Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
Dramatic changes in women's social, political, economic roles. Increased rights. Right to vote. Education. Professions. China, one-child policy. Family structure changed.

V. Pulling It All Together
Nationalism affected all major global events in twentieth century. Independence movements. Globalization. Transportation, communications, imperialism. Economies intertwined. Self-determination in nations. No right answer to question: Is there currently a convergence of cultures?

I'M DONE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Chapter 9: Not So Old Stuff: Sometime Around 1750 to About 1914

I. Chapter Overview
II. Stay Focused on the Big Picture
III. Industry and Imperialism
A. The Industrial Revolution
Farmers started rotating crops. Enclosure. New technologies. Urbanization. Domestic System. Important people: 1733, John Kay invented flying shuttle. 1764, John Hargreaves invented spinning jenny. 1793, Eli Whitney invented cotton gin. Steam engine- Thomas Newcomer and James Watt. Steamship- Robert Fulton. Steam powered locomotive- George Stephenson. More inventions over next 100 years-

• The Telegraph (1837)
• The Telephone (1876)
• The Light bulb (1879)
• The Internal Combustion Engine (1885)
• The Radio (1890s)
• The Airplane (1903)

X-rays. Charles Darwin. Interchangeable parts. Henry Ford's use of assembly line. 16-hour workdays not uncommon. Children as young as six worked at factories. Women worked long hours at factories. Industrialization created new social class. Private ownership. Adam Smith. free market system (capitalism). Laissez faire capitalism. Karl Marx, German economist and philosopher, disagreed. Marxism Foundation for socialism and communism. Luddites. Greater number of people began to believe government needed to act on behalf of workers as well as factory owners. Major split in thought. MAJOR NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FREE MARKET CAPITALISM EXIST IN FACTORIES AND CITIES. United States: Opinion: free market capitalism is good, but reform it to minimize the bad effects. Russia: Opinion: Free market capitalism is bad, so get rid of it and replace it with something else.

Most Europe mixed socialist, capitalist ideas. Factory Act of 1883. Labor unions formed. Public education more widely accessible. Social mobility. 1807, slave trade abolished. 1833, British outlawed Slavery, Three decades later, outlawed in U.S. 1920, U.S. and 1928 Britain, women's suffrage movement. Natural Resources. Many taken during Industrial Revolution. Most resources went to Europe. Most Europeans very ethnocentric, viewed other cultures as barbarian and uncivilized. two ideas contributed to mindset. First, social Darwinists applied Charles Darwin's biological theory of natural selection to sociology. "Survival of the fittest." British superior: second, many Europeans believed not only superior, but had moral obligation to dominate or teach others how to be more civilized, more like Europeans. Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden."

B. European Imperialism in India

British East India Company, Robert Clive, Raised army that ridded subcontinent of the French. Corporate troops. British set up administrative regions. Sepoys: Indians who worked for the Brits, mostly as soldiers. Rebellion. 1858, British parliament took control of India easy from the East India Company. Bahadur Shah II, last of Mughal rulers, sent into exile, 1877, Queen Victoria recognized as Empress of India, Urbanization increased dramatically. 1885, Indian National Congress.

C. European Imperialism in China

1773, British introduced opium to Chinese. by 1838, Manchu emperor released imperial edict forbidding further sale or use of opium. 1839-1842, Opium War. China forced by British to sign treaty of Nanjing. 1856-1900, second opium war. White Lotus Rebellions, Taiping Rebellion. Self-'Strengthening Movement, failed. 1876, Korea declared it's independence. Sino-French War, lost control of Vietnam. Sino-Japanese War. treaty of Shimonoseki, China forced hand over control to Taiwan, grant Japanese trading rights. Spheres of influence. United States, Open door Policy. "Boxers". wanted to drive Europeans and Japanese out of China. Adopted guerrilla warfare tactics. Failed. China forced to sign Boxer Protocol. 1901, foot binding abolished. 1903, Chinese Examination System eliminated. 1911, government toppled and imperial rule ended. Sun Yat-sen, republic established.

D. Japanese Imperialism

1853, Commodore Matthew Perry (U.S.) arrived in Japan on steamboat, something Japanese had never seen. Treaty of Kanagawa. Unlike Chinese, Japanese organized. Samurai revolted against shogun and restored Emperor Meiji to power. 1870's, Japan building railways! Steamships. 1876, Samurai warrior class as an institution abolished, universal military service among all males established. 1890's, Japanese Industrial and military power. 1895, defeated China in war for control of Korea and Taiwan. 1904, Russo-Japanese War, Japanese defeated Russia. World Power.

E. European Imperialism in Africa

Between 1807 and 1820, most European nations abolished slave trade, slavery not abolished until a few decades later. W/in 50 years, Africans subjugated again, this time in their homeland. Boers (South African Dutch) discovered diamonds and gold in Transvaal. British followed. Boer War (1899-1902). British won. Africans not allowed claims to gold, diamonds, forced to work in mines. South Africa became British colony. 1910, colony had constitution, became Union of South Africa, Native Africans had few rights. 1912, educated South Africans made African National Congress. Muhammad Ali defeated french and ottomans, gained control of Egypt in 1805. Cotton production. Suez Canal, connected Mediterranean Sea to Indian Ocean. British Italian became interested in north Africa. W/in 3 decades, almost entire continent of Africa colonized by Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium. By 1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent. Europeans added railroads, dams and roads. Stripped Africa of it resources, treated natives harshly Disruption of traditional tribal boundary lines. Traditional African culture started breaking apart.

VI. Political Developments in the Americas and Europe
A. Two revolutions: American and French
1. The American revolution
French and Indian War. Britain's George Greville and Charles Townsend passed very unpopular laws on behalf of British. Revenue act, Stamp Act, Tea Act. American colonists-"No taxation without representation". Boston Tea Party. Lexington and Concord. Thomas Paine urged colonists support movement for independence. French helped Americans greatly. 1781, cornered British army, General George Cornwallis surrendered.

2. The French Revolution
1789, King Louis XVI called meeting of Estates General, governing body that hadn't met in 175 years. King needed financial help. Three estates. Estates met separately. Third Estate (peasants, 95% of population), June 17, 1789 declared themselves National Assembly. The Declaration of the Rights of Man. Assembly abolished feudal system, declared freedom of worship. 1791, Assembly ratified new constitution. Convention and Jacobins. Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. 1795, wrote new constitution and established Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte, general by age 24. 1799, overthrew Directory, declared self First Consul under new constitution (fourth since revolution began). Napoleonic Codes. Conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and kingdoms within Italy. 1812, attacked Russia, lured into Moscow, which Russians set aflame, preventing adequate housing for troops. Napoleon sent into exile. Prince von Metternich (Austria), Alexander I (Russia), Duke of Wellington (Britain). Napoleon tried regain power. Sent into permanent exile on island of St. Helena.

B. Lots of Independent Movements: Latin America
Haiti, French island colony. 90% of population slaves. 1801, Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture led successful slave revolt. Haitians capable fighters. Yellow fever took many French. Toussaint imprisoned. Lieutenant, Jacques Dessalines, proclaimed Haiti free republic in 1804. Simon Bolivar, Venezuela. 1811, Bolivar helped establish national congress, independence from Spain. Civil war. Bolivar successful. Jose de San Martin. By 1820s, huge chunk of South America independent from Spain. Brazil: Portugal. John VI. 1821 returned to Portugal, left Brazil in power of son, Pedro. Formed constitution. 1831, gave power to son, Pedro II. Slavery abolished in 1888. 1889 republic established. Mexico: Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos. Treaty of Cordoba.

C. Two Unification's: Italy and Germany
Italy. Foreign-controlled small kingdoms. Only divided kingdom of Sardinia controlled by Italians. Victor Emmanuel II. Count Camillo Cavour. Managed to remove Austrian influence by 1859. Spain out by 1860. Germany. Prussia and Austria politically dominated. William I of Prussia. Franco-Prussian War. Bismarck victorious. Germany became one of most powerful nations by 1914.

D. Other Political Developments
Russia. Romanov czars. Alexander II issued Emancipation Edict, abolished serfdom. Did little good. Arts began to flourish. 1881, Alexander II assassinated by The People's Will. Alexander III, Russification. Nicholas II, Bloody Sunday. 1906, Peter Stolypin appointed as Prime Minister. Duma. Ottoman Empire began to decline. U.S. 1823, U.S. President Monroe declared in State of the Union Address the western hemisphere off-limits to European Aggression. Monroe Doctrine. Britain agreed to back up U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt added Roosevelt Corollary. Panama Canal. Spanish-American War.

V. Technology and Intellectual Developments. 1750- 1914 C.E.
Advances in power and transportation. Steam. Rail lines. Large scale migrations. New forms of entertainment. Rapid industrialization. New imperial ism and interactions. New reasons and new ways to make war. Automatic weapons. Assembly-line.

VI. Changes and Contiuities in the Role of Women
Still not many rights.

VII. Pulling It All Together.
(Flowchart shown). Age of Exploration, Industrial Revolution, Enlightenment. Nationalism. Many forces of change. Exploration, industrialization, education. Continuing impact of Enlightenment, end of slavery, military superiority, nationalism, imperialism, racism, capitalism, Marxism...Trains, ships, telegraphs. By 1914, planes and telephones. Urbanization.

Chapter 8: Old Stuff: Approximately 1450 to Around 1750 C.E.

I. Chapter Overview
II. Stay Focused on the Big Picture
III. Major European Developments 1450-1750 C.E.
A. Revolutions in European Thought and Expression
1. The Renaissance: Classical Civilization Part II Europe experienced and influx of money to go along with newfound sense of history. Humanism. Important people: The Medici family, Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello. Tommas Masaccio and Fillipo Brunelleschi developed technique known as linear perspective. Important people: the Dutch Van Eyck brothers and the German painter Albrecht Durer, portraitists. Most northern paintings religiously motivated. Important person: Johannes Gutenberg, invented printing press. Book industry flourished. Important people: Machiavelli, Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, and William Shakespeare.

2. The Protestant Reformation: Streamlining Salvation Nearly everyone in Europe thought: to get to heaven you had to proceed by way of Catholic Church. Church began to sell "indulgences"- piece of paper faithful could buy to reduce time in purgatory. Important person: Martin Luther, German monk, made known what church was doing was wrong. "Lutherans" were Luther's followers. Important person: John Calving, led powerful protestant group, "Calvinism". Important person: King Henry VIII, renounced Rome, declared himself head of religious affairs in England. Church of England (Anglican Church). Catholic reformation. Important person: Ignatius Loyola, "Jesuits". Council of Trent.

3. The Scientific revolution: Prove it or Lose it Important person: Nicolaus Copernicus, developed math theory that earth and other celestial bodies revolved around sun, earth rotated on axis. Important person: Galileo. Important people: Tycho Brahe (built an observatory, recorded his observations), Francis Bacon (inductive logic), Johannes Kepler (laws of planetary motion), Sir Isaac Newton. Many people became atheists or deists.

4. The Enlightenment: Out of the Darkness, Into the Light "Divine right of monarchs". James I of England, illegal act was ungodly act. Social contract. Important people: Thomas Hobbes (believed role of government under social contract should be to preserve peace and stability), John Locke (people had natural and unalienable rights, responsibility of government to secure and guarantee rights), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (all men equal, individual protected by community, but also free), Voltaire (religious toleration), Montesquieu (separation of powers). Enlightened monarchs.

B. European Exploration and Expansion: Empires of the Wind Search for new, efficient trade routes on the seas. Important people: Prince Henry the Navigator, Vasco de Gama, Christopher Columbus. Treaty of Tordesillas, established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal line. Expeditions. Important people: (explorers) Amerigo Vespucci, Ponce de Leon, Vasco de Balboa, Ferdinand Magellan, Giovanni da Verrazano, Sir Francis Drake, John Cabot, and Henry Hudson. Sternpost rudder, Lateen sails, astrolabe, magnetic compass, three-masted caravels. Important person: Hernan Cortes, landed on coast of Mexico, Aztecs. Important person: Montezuma, Aztec ruler. Spanish brought small pox to Aztecs. Greatly reduced populations. Important person: Francisco Pizarro, brought similar fate to Inca. Native Americans had little or no freedom. Encomienda system. Slaves from Africa. Some died/killed on ships to America. Forced to do hard work. Columbian Exchange. New foods, animals, resources. Sugar and silver. Age of Exploration. Joint-stock company. Muscovy Company, Dutch East India Company. Mercantilism. Europeans established trade with Asian empires. Portuguese went around Cape of Good Hope, set up trading post in Goa, gained control over Spice Islands.

IV. Developments in Specific Countries and Empires 1450-1750 C.E.
Major movements impacted different parts of Europe at different times.
A. The European Rivals
1. Spain and Portugal
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Built formidable naval fleet. Portuguese dominated coastal Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Spice Islands. Early player in transatlantic slave trade, controlled sea routes, and garrisoned trading posts. Lost control of them to Cutch and British who had faster ships and heavier guns. Charles v. Hapsburg. Created huge empire that stretched from Austria and Germany to Spain. 1519, elected Holy roman Emperor by German princes, meant he then held lands in pars of France, the Netherlands, Austria and Germany in addition to Spain, plus new colonies in the Americas. 1556 Charles decided to retire, Gave control to his brother, Ferdinand 1 over Austria and the Holy roman throne of Germany, to his son, PhilipII he conferred the throne of Spain and jurisdiction over Portugal. Spanish Inquisition. English defeated and devastated the once mighty Spanish Armada.

2. England
Elizabethan Age: Boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization in the New World. England under Elizabeth experienced a golden age. James I came to power in 1607 after the death of Elizabeth. Jamestown colony founded during reign of James I. Charles I son of James. Desperate for money from Parliament. Signed petition of right. After got money ignored petition, claimed divine right, ruled w/out calling parliament meeting for 11 years. Parliament known as Long Parliament. Denied Charles next request for money. Civil war broke out. Important person: Lover Cromwell rose to power, English Commonwealth. Much resentment toward Cromwell. When he died, Parliament invited Charles II, the exiled son of the now beheaded Charles I, to take the throne and restore a limited monarchy. Stuart Restoration agreed to the Habeas Corpus Act. Following CharlesII's death, his brother James II took over. He was unpopular, believed in divine right of Kings, Glorious Revolution, driven from power by Parliament, replaced by son-in-law and daughter, William and Mary, who promptly signed the English Bill of Rights.

3. France
1598, Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes, created environment of toleration. He was first Bourbon King. Bourbon's ruled France nearly two centuries, important person: Cardinal Richelieu, catholic, deaf advisor to the Bourbons, his successor was Cardinal Mazarin. Important person: Cardinal Richelieu, catholic, chief advisor to the Bourbons, his successor was Cardinal Mazarin. Important Person: Louis XIV became one of most legendary monarchs, patronized arts as long as they contributed to glorification of France and his culture, build lavish palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes, appoint4d jean Babtiste Colert to manage the royal funds. War of Spanish Succession. PhilipV able rule Spain, but Spain couldn't combine with France and France had to give up a bunch of its territory.

4. German areas (The Holy Roman Empire, sort of)
The Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Turks in the early sixteenth century. . The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) devastated the region and significantly weakened the role of the Holy roman emperors, which in the nineteenth century would finally lead to the rise of nation-states in the region. . By the eighteenth century, the northern German city-states, especially Prussia, were gaining momentum and power. Peace of Augsburg, intended to bring end to constant conflicts between Catholics and Protestants. 1618 Thirty Years' War started. Actual fighting stayed w/in German empire; many parts of Germany were left depopulated and devastated. Peace of Westphalia negotiated in 1648. Prussian, the German city -state centered in Berlin and also controlled parts of Poland, eventually rose to dominate German territories.

B. Russia Out of Isolation
Moscow called the "Third Bone". Important People: Ivan III of Moscow, 1480, refused to pay tribute to the Mongols, declared Russia free of Mongol rule, He and later his grandson Ivan IV, established absolute rule in Russian. Cossacks, peasant-soldiers that expanded Russian territories well into Siberia and southward to the Caspian Sea. Ivan the Terrible, "czar". Regularly executed anyone whom he perceived as a threat to his power, including his own son. Ivan IV died 1584. Time of Troubles. Important person: Michael Romanov, elected czar by feudal lords in 1613. Russian territory spread more. Important person: Peter the Great, built Russia's first navy, founded St. Petersburg on Baltic Sea, Women of nobility were forced to dress in western fashions, men forced to shave beards, most of hard labor building new city accomplished by serfs turned slaves. Important person: Catherine the Great, more enlightened policies of education and western culture were implemented, fiercely enforced repressive serfdom. Limited growth of merchant class, continued expansion.

C. Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
Ottomans came to dominate most of modern-day Turkey, invaded Constantinople. Renamed it Istanbul. Converted great cathedrals such as Hagia Sophia into mosques. Christians and Jews allowed to practice their religions. To conquer large territories, enslaved children of their Christian subjects. Turned them into fighting warriors. Ottoman Empire lasted until 1922. Chief rivals were Safavids. Important person: Babur, established Mughal Empire, dominated Indian subcontinent. Important person: Akbar, Babur's grandson, policy of religious toleration. Eliminated tax on Hindus, attempted to eliminate sati. Shah Jahan, Akbar's grandson, built Taj Mahal.

D. Africa
Empire of Songhai was Islamic state. Trade. Fell to Moroccans with muskets. Centralized kingdom of Kongo. Trade with Portuguese, Europeans. Kings of Kongo converted Roman Catholicism. King Alfonso I. Kingdom mostly destroyed. Queen Nzinga of Angola, fiercely resisted Portuguese. In end, couldn't win.

E. Isolated Asia
1. China Ming Dynasty built strong centralized government based on traditional Confucian principles, reinstated civil service examination, removed Mongol influence by reinvigorating Chinese culture. Built huge fleets. Zeng He, Chinese navigator, led fleets. Silver currency. Established trade relations with Spanish through Philippines. Peasant revolts. Qing warriors. Qing from Manchuria. Kangxi and Qianlong, Machu emperors that were Confucian scholars. Supported arts, expanded empire. 1724, Christianity banned. 1757, trade restricted to Canton.

2. Japan
Portuguese established trade with empire, introduced guns. Tokugawa Shogunate. AKA Edo period. Christians persecuted. National Seclusion Policy. Buddhism and Shinto. Unique art forms also prospered. Kabuki theatre and haiku form of poetry.

V. Technology and Innovations 1450-1750 C.E.
Europeans were powerful force. Gunpowder weapons, navigation and ship building technologies, printing press. Overseas trading empires, moved lots of plants and animals, enslaved and transported people across oceans. Wars. Conquests. New cultures, religions.

VI. Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
Elizabeth I of England. Isabella of Spain and Nor Johan of Mughal, India shared power with husbands. Status and freedoms of changed little from previous period. Non-European areas of world tended to regard older widowed women with respect and superstition. Also to be feared because couldn't necessarily be controlled. In Europe education was more widely available to all classes, though opportunities for girls lagged behind boys.

VII. Pulling It All Together
Europe was where energy was. Europeans had technology, political motivation, and financial structure. Japanese and Chinese wanted preserve own culture. Had power and motivation to keep Europeans out. In Africa, no centralized power so Europeans harder fend off. In Americas, civilizations quickly overwhelmed by European technology and disease. Middle East only important for trade not conquest. Sailing, mercantilism, and private investment changed global economy.

Chapter 7: Really Old Stuff: Around 600 C.E. to Around 1450

I. Chapter Overview
II. Stay focused on the Big Picture
III. Review of History Within Civilizations 600-1450 C.E.
A. The Rise of Islam
Monotheistic. Followers called Muslims. Believed Allah (God) transmitted words to faithful through Mohammad. Qu'ran. Five Pillars of Islam-

• confession of faith
• prayer five times per day
• charity to the needy
• fasting during month-long Ramadan
• pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime

Jihad. Struggle to be better Muslim and struggle against non-believers. Accepted Abraham, Moses, and Jesus as prophets (Jesus not accepted as God's son). Two groups: Shia and Sunni. 622 C.E. Mohammad and followers found support in Medina. In 630, returned to Mecca and destroyed pagan shrines- except for the ka'ba, which became the focal point of Muslim pilgrimage. Islam spread rapidly through Middle East, Africa, toward Europe. Abu Bakr became caliph (emperor and religious leader), head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader when Mohammad died in 632. Islamic Empire was theocracy. Because ruled by caliph, referred to as caliphate. Caliphs began to behave more like hereditary rulers. No clear line of succession. Umayyad Dynasty would enlarge empire dramatically. Capital moved to Damascus, Syria. Mecca still center. Chose not to convert to Islam, forced pay tax. Charles Martel, Frankish leader, stopped Muslim advance toward Paris. Umayyad Empire defeated. Abbasid Dynasty reigned from 750 to 1258, until Islamic Empire defeated by Mongols. Abbasids built capital at Baghdad, Islamic Empire built around trade. Merchants introduced idea of credit. System of receipts and bills. Manufacturing. Steel produced for swords. Advancements on medical and mathematics fields. Important person: Mohammad al-Razi, massive medical encyclopedia. Islamic mathematicians made contributions to algebra. An Abbasid army defeated a T'ang Chinese army, discovered paper money. In Arabia, women viewed as property of men. Baby girls seen as less valuable than baby boys. Female infanticide- killing of unwanted baby girl. Qu'ran changed much. Women had more rights. Infanticide strictly forbidden. Women had to be veiled in public. Islamic Empire overran by Mongols, Baghdad destroyed.

B. Developments in Europe and the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire a lot more centralized and organize than western empire. Both practiced Christianity, not same way. Byzantine Empire used Greek language; its architecture had distinctive domes; its culture in general had more in general had more in common with eastern cultures like those of Persia; and its brand of Christianity became an entirely separate branch known as Orthodox Christianity. Used coined money. Important person: Justinian, who reigned from 527 to 565. Justinian Code. Flowering of arts and sciences.Hagia Sophia. In contrast to Roman Catholic emperors of west, who regarded pope leader of Byzantium's church, secular rulers headed church. Important person: St. Cyril, Orthodox Christian who used Greek alphabet to create Slavic alphabet. Important person: Vladimir, Russian prince from Kiev, abandoned traditional pagan religion and converted to Christianity. Franks, Germanic tribe, united under King Clovis, converted to Roman Catholic. Important person: Charles Martel- led revolt against advancing Muslim armies, in 732 defeated them at Battle of Tours. Founded Carolingian Dynasty. Important person: Pepin, Charles Martel's son, chose to have his succession certified by pope. Important person: Pepin's son, Charles, crowned by pope in 800 and became known as Charlemagne ("Charles the Great"). Empire came to be called the Holy Roman Empire. Important person: Otto the Great, coronation in 962. 843- Treaty of Verdun. Vikings from Scandinavia, Magyars from Hungary. Vikings perhaps most successful raiders. Vikings converted to Christianity. By Middle of Middle Ages, Catholic Church had become very powerful. Feudalism had strict hierarchy. King, then nobles, then vassals, then peasants. Feudal system male-dominated. Even noblewomen had few rights. Peasants, male or female, had few rights. Eventually, towns formed alliances. Architecture. Romanesque and Gothic style churches. Heresies. Universities where men could study. Scholasticism. Important person: Pope Innocent III. Important person: Pope Gregory IX. Universal Church or Church Militant. Important person: Thomas Aquinas, a famous Christian realist. Europe broken up into feudal kingdoms during Middle Ages. Began to organize along cultural and linguistic lines. French- France, English- England. Germany entered period known as interregnum. England formed strong monarchy. Important person: William the Conqueror. Important person: King John, forced to sign Magna Carta. France. Important person: King Hugh Capet. Important person: Joan of Arc. Hundred Years' War. Bourbons. Spain. Important person: Queen Isabella. Ruler of Castille. Married Ferdinand, heir to Spanish kingdom of Aragon. Spanish Inquisition. 1242 Russia succumbed to the Tatars (a group of Mongols from the east) under Genghis Khan. Ivan the Terrible.

C. Developments in Asia
1. China and Nearby Regions
Three powerful Chinese dynasties: T'ang (618-907 C.E.), Song (960-1279 C.E.). Important person: Emperor Xuanzong, the T'ang expanded Chinese territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea. Important person: Emperor Taizu, 960, Song Dynasty. Fell to the Jurchen and then the Mongols. The Mongols were driven from China and in 1368 the Ming Dynasty was established. Civil service examination continued to be modified. T'ang tribute system. During Song Dynasty, early form of movable type invented. Song had powerful navy, participation in international trade throughout southeast Asia. Gunpowder, magnetic compass, watertight bulkheads, stern post rudders. Iron production. introduction of Champa rice from Vietnam increased food supplies. Important person: Wu Zhao, T'ang Dynasty, first (and to date only) Empress of China. Song Dynasty, foot binding. Woman's feet bound shortly after birth in effort to keep small. Religion had greatest impact on China: Buddhism.

2. Japan
The first important ruling family was the Yamato Clan. First and only dynasty-current emperor is descendant of this same clan. Shinto religion. Important person: Prince Shotoku, borrowed bureaucratic and legal reforms from China. Taika Reforms. Japanese largely rejected Confucianism. Fujiwara intermarried with Emperor's family. Important person: Yorimoto Minamoto, given title of chief general, Shogun. Samurai. Peasants and artisans. Code of Bushido.

3. Vietnam and Korea
Confucianism and Chan Buddhism spread to Korea. Koreans became vassal-state of T'ang. Viet people actively resisted T'ang armies.

4. India
Delhi Sultanate Kingdom. Islam spread throughout much of Northern India. Hindu temples sometimes destroyed, occasional violence broke out in communities. Colleges founded, irrigation systems, Mosques built. Important person: Timur Lang, leader of Mongols.

D. The Rise and Fall of the Mongols
Important person: Genghis Khan, unified Mongol tribes. Mongol Empire eventually spanned from Pacific Ocean to eastern Europe. The Golden Horde conquered region of modern-day Russia. Important person: Kublai Khan, ruled in China. Genghis Khan established first pony express and postal system, gave tax breaks to teachers and clerics. Armies very strong.

E. Developments in Africa
Kush and Axum civilizations. Kush had capital at Meroe, became center for ironworks and trade. Axum. Converted to Chritianity in fourth century, seventh century many converted to Islam. Ghana, Mali, Songhai. Ghana and Mali, tons of gold. Important person: Mansa Musa, one of greatest Mali rulers. Important person: Sonni Ali, Songhai ruler-conquered entire region of western Africa and established Songhai Empire. Oral literature (story telling) in Africa. Sculptures made of pottery and bronze.

F. Developments in the Americas
Decline of Maya remains source of debate. Aztecs. Expansionist policy and professional army. Built empire of some 12 million people. Aztec women had subordinate public role but could inherit property. Incas. Andes Mountains in Peru. Also expansionist. professional army, established bureaucracy, unified language, complex system of roads and tunnels. Primary source of labor was slaves. Large cities. Incan women were expected to help work fields, weave cloth, care for household. They could pass property on to their daughters, play a role in religion. Excellent builders, stone cutters, and miners.

IV. Review of Interactions Among Cultures 600-1450 C.E.
A. Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion

• The Mediterranean Trade between western Europe, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic Empire
• The Hanseatic League
• The Silk Road
• The land routes of the Mongols
• Trade between China and Japan
• Trade between India and Persia
• The Trans-Saharan trade routes between west Africa and the Islamic Empire

Religions and languages spread through trade. Bubonic Plague carried by merchants all along trade route. Indian Ocean Trade. Silk road- carried silk, porcelain, paper, military technologies, religions, food. Global trade network.

B. Expansion of Religion and Empire: Culture Clash

• The Mongol expansion into Russia, Persia, India, China
• The Germanic tribes into southern Europe
• The Vikings' expansion from Scandinavia into England and western Europe
• The Magyars push from eastern Europe into western Europe
• The Islamic Empire's push into Spain, India, Africa
• The Crusades
• Buddhist missionaries to Japan
• Orthodox Christian missionaries into eastern Europe

Conquest and religious expansion. Important person: Pope Urban, 1096 C.E., initiated First Crusade. Set out to conquer the Holy Land. 9 crusades, failed.

C. Technology and Innovations 600-1450 C.E.
Many of new innovations came from eastern societies- China and India, filtered through Islamic world. (Table of innovations from Islamic world and China).

VI. Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
Women's freedoms depended on which caste or class they belonged to. In African societies women had a great deal of freedoms.

VII. Pulling It All Together
Interaction, centralization, and the growth of religion all had impacts on civilizations. Cultural areas, "East" and "West". Cultures that interacted and those that didn't.